History for kids
Explore monarchs worldwide!
From England's Tudors to France's Bourbons, learn about rulers in this history guide.
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Learn about monarchies
Did you know?
Who was the longest serving monarch?
King Louis XIV of France holds the record for the longest reign in history.
He was king for an amazing 72 years and 110 days, from May 14, 1643, until he passed away on September 1, 1715!
Known as the "Sun King," Louis XIV was famous for his powerful rule and making France super important in history books.
His time as king shaped France's culture, history, and even its politics!
Who was the shortest serving monarch?
King Louis XIX of France has a special record - he had the shortest reign ever!
Can you believe he was king for only 20 minutes? Yep, just 20 minutes!
His dad, Charles X, stepped down during a big event called the July Revolution in 1830, and Louis XIX took over. But wait, the story gets even crazier! Right after Louis XIX became king, his dad's cousin, Louis-Philippe, got picked as the new king by the French Chambers. And just like that, Louis XIX's time as king ended faster than a blink of an eye!
Who was the youngest serving monarch?
King Henry VI of England holds the record for being the youngest ever monarch? He became king when he was just nine months old! Yep, you heard it right, nine months old! Now that's what I call starting young!
Henry VI was born on December 6, 1421, and became king of England and France (although his reign was mostly managed by regents) after the death of his father, King Henry V. Can you imagine ruling a kingdom before you could even walk? Talk about a royal baby!
Who was the Oldest serving monarch?
Queen Elizabeth II was 96 years old when she passed away on September 8, 2022, at Balmoral Castle.
She was not only a reigning monarch but also one of the oldest monarchs in history! She became queen on February 6, 1952, and ruled for many, many years, even breaking records as the longest-reigning queen in British history!
Can you imagine all the cool things she saw and did during her reign? Talk about a royal with staying power!
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Who ruled? and When?
Ancient Egypt
Early Dynastic Period
Narmer (Menes) - c. 3100–3050 BCE
Hor-Aha - c. 3050–3049 BCE
Djer - c. 3049–3005 BCE
Djet - c. 3005–2985 BCE
Den - c. 2985–2955 BCE
Anedjib - c. 2955–2935 BCE
Semerkhet - c. 2935–2920 BCE
Qa'a - c. 2920–2890 BCE
Old Kingdom
Sneferu - c. 2613–2589 BCE
Khufu (Cheops) - c. 2589–2566 BCE
Khafre (Chephren) - c. 2558–2532 BCE
Menkaure (Mycerinus) - c. 2532–2504 BCE
Djedefre - c. 2528–2520 BCE
Shepseskaf - c. 2510–2500 BCE
Userkaf - c. 2498–2491 BCE
Sahure - c. 2487–2475 BCE
Neferirkare Kakai - c. 2475–2455 BCE
Nyuserre Ini - c. 2445–2421 BCE
Menkauhor Kaiu - c. 2421–2414 BCE
Djedkare Isesi - c. 2414–2375 BCE
Unas - c. 2375–2345 BCE
First Intermediate Period
Teti - c. 2345–2333 BCE
Pepi I - c. 2332–2283 BCE
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I - c. 2283–2278 BCE
Pepi II - c. 2278–2184 BCE
Middle Kingdom
Mentuhotep II - c. 2061–2010 BCE
Amenemhat I - c. 1991–1962 BCE
Senusret I - c. 1971–1926 BCE
Amenemhat II - c. 1929–1895 BCE
Senusret II - c. 1897–1878 BCE
Senusret III - c. 1878–1839 BCE
Amenemhat III - c. 1860–1814 BCE
Amenemhat IV - c. 1815–1806 BCE
Sobekneferu - c. 1806–1802 BCE
Second Intermediate Period
Various Hyksos rulers - c. 1782–1550 BCE
New Kingdom
Ahmose I - c. 1550–1525 BCE
Amenhotep I - c. 1525–1504 BCE
Thutmose I - c. 1504–1492 BCE
Thutmose II - c. 1492–1479 BCE
Hatshepsut - c. 1479–1458 BCE
Thutmose III - c. 1479–1425 BCE
Amenhotep II - c. 1427–1401 BCE
Thutmose IV - c. 1401–1391 BCE
Amenhotep III - c. 1391–1353 BCE
Akhenaten - c. 1353–1336 BCE
Tutankhamun - c. 1332–1323 BCE
Ay - c. 1323–1319 BCE
Horemheb - c. 1319–1292 BCE
Ramesses I - c. 1292–1290 BCE
Seti I - c. 1290–1279 BCE
Ramesses II - c. 1279–1213 BCE
Third Intermediate Period
Shoshenq I - c. 943–922 BCE
Osorkon I - c. 922–887 BCE
Takelot I - c. 885–872 BCE
Osorkon II - c. 872–837 BCE
Shoshenq III - c. 837–798 BCE
Shoshenq V - c. 773–767 BCE
Osorkon IV - c. 777–749 BCE
Late Period
Nectanebo I - c. 380–362 BCE
Nectanebo II - c. 360–343 BCE
Ptolemaic Period
Ptolemy I Soter - c. 305–282 BCE
Ptolemy II Philadelphus - c. 283–246 BCE
Ptolemy III Euergetes - c. 246–222 BCE
Ptolemy IV Philopator - c. 222–204 BCE
Ptolemy V Epiphanes - c. 204–180 BCE
Ptolemy VI Philometor - c. 180–145 BCE
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator - c. 145 BCE
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II - c. 170–116 BCE
Cleopatra II - c. 145–131 BCE
Cleopatra III - c. 142–101 BCE
Ptolemy IX Soter II - c. 116–107 BCE
Ptolemy X Alexander I - c. 107–88 BCE
Ptolemy XI Alexander II - c. 80 BCE
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) - c. 80–58 BCE
Cleopatra VII - c. 51–30 BCE
Roman Period
Augustus Caesar (Octavian) - Conquered Egypt in 30 BCE, marking the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty and the beginning of Roman rule over Egypt.